FREEDOM’S RING
The Underground Railroad and its symbolism spark wave of projects
>>> When WGN America’s drama “Underground” debuted last winter, it seemed like a cultural outlier. Stories from the Underground Railroad had long been relegated to nonfiction or the simplistic brushstrokes of children’s books. Even as stories about the horrors of oppression (“12 Years a Slave”) and the civil rights movement (“42,” “Selma”) entered the mainstream, the Underground Railroad remained overlooked. ¶ Lately, however, slaves’ flight to freedom has became a jumping off point for an array of creative endeavors. A few weeks after “Underground,” with its soundtrack curated by executive producer John Legend, came Barbara Hambly’s mystery novel, “Drinking Gourd,” and Robert Morgan’s escape saga, “Chasing the North Star.” Last summer Ben Winters’ counterfactual noir novel, “Underground Airlines,” hit bestseller lists; then came Colson Whitehead’s “The Underground Railroad,” the year’s National Book Award winner for fiction. ¶ In the fall, the surreal and subversive “Underground Railroad Game” opened to rapturous reviews
off-Broadway. Set in the present, the play depicts two teachers, one white and one black, stumbling along the treacherous path of educating children about slavery and racial oppression.
The topic “hasn’t been explored enough, so I’m not surprised people are finding new and different angles,” says “Underground” cocreator Joe Pokaski.
This month brings a new season of “Underground,” the opening of the National Park Service’s Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center in Cambridge, Md., and “Through Darkness to Light,” a photographic essay of the Underground Railroad by Jeanine Michna-Bales. “The Underground River,” a novel by Martha Conway, hits in June, and Viola Davis is developing a Tubman film for HBO.
“The Underground Railroad came at a time when our country was so polarized that there was no understanding on either side so the fascination with it now might be because we’re back in that situation,” says Michna-Bales, adding that the movement also blurred lines, bringing together people from different races, religions and socioeconomic groups while also giving women new roles in public life. Her pictures aim to provide a first-person perspective on what a slave would have seen on the long and dangerous journey north.
The phrase Underground Railroad first appeared around 1839. Historians estimate that the railroad helped 30,000 to 100,000 (of the millions of enslaved blacks) to escape to Canada. But for the most part the railroad really ventured only about 100 miles into the South, so the first season of the TV series and Morgan’s novel also explore the experience of slaves running without outside help.
“Underground” co-creator Misha Green puts all these new works in the larger context of publishers and producers recognizing the value — artistically and commercially — in stories about minorities, from the “Roots” remake to Oscar best-picture winner “Moonlight.” She points particularly to ones with characters seizing control of their own narrative, whether that’s “Straight Outta Compton” or “Hidden Figures.” Indeed, last year also begat a movie (“Birth of a Nation”) and a play (Nathan Alan Davis’ “Nat Turner in Jerusalem”) about Turner’s slave uprising.
Author Morgan, a professor at Cornell University, says the trend’s roots stretch back decades.
“Fiction is the way we learn about others,” he says, pointing to waves of groups laying down their markers, from Southern writers in the 1930s to Jewish writers in the decades after World War II. “The original ‘Roots’ was the building block and writers like Alice Walker, Toni Morrison and August Wilson then paved the way,” he says, so that these Underground Railroad stories are a natural evolution.
“I think it’s a good thing any time people are interested in history,” says Eric Foner, a leading scholar of 19th century America, whose 2015 book, “Gateway to Freedom,” focused on the Underground Railroad. Foner understands artists taking liberties with the facts, and he admires Whitehead’s fantastical creation of an actual railroad that runs underground. “It’s fantasy, but Whitehead also gives a kaleidoscope of black history. It’s very informed.”
Most of the current projects began a few years ago, so Green says the zeitgeist partly reflects the rise of the tea party and birther movement followed by the spate of police shootings and the birth of Black Lives Matter.
“These stories, like police brutality, have always existed but now the public might finally be primed and open to step outside its own orthodoxy and turn its gaze to them,” adds “Underground Railroad Game” co-writer and costar Jennifer Kidwell.
Even as these stories make history more accessible, they refuse to whitewash grim realities, striving instead to demolish the traditional narrative. “This is not your grandfather’s history that helps paint a rosier picture of historical atrocities,” says Scott Sheppard, cowriter and costar of “Underground Railroad Game,” which will tour to as-yet-undetermined destinations in late 2017 and 2018.
The number of escaped slaves is minuscule compared with the systematic destruction of millions of lives throughout slavery’s history, so “we want to remove that layer of romanticism and make everyone question their beliefs and values in as destabilizing a way as possible,” Sheppard says.
“Underground” may be slickly produced adventure TV, yet one main character after another gets recaptured or killed. In “Drinking Gourd,” protagonist Benjamin January, a thoughtful and well-educated free black man, reflects on how he has come to hate virtually every white person, especially after learning the white abolitionist he encounters rapes the girls he helps to freedom. Whitehead’s and Winters’ novels are even darker.
“Underground Airlines” takes place in the present but imagines a world that had no Civil War and that allows slavery in four Southern states. “I’m hoping the book is a reminder of the presence of the past in our lives,” says Winters, who connects a nation built on slavery to institutionalized racism that continues today. “My alternative history isn’t alternative enough.”
“Underground Railroad Game” also ties the sins of America’s past squarely to the present day. “Our play explores the myths of the white savior and of romanticized American history,” Kidwell says. “We just happened to set it against the Underground Railroad.”
That is a recurring theme in interviews with the writers, especially those who are white.
“It’s important that these stories are not, ‘Oh, these nice white people are helping these poor black slaves get away’ and are instead about free blacks and slaves taking agency,” Hambly says.
In Winters’ novel, the idea of whites as nobles rescuing the helpless is derisively called the Mockingbird mentality, in reference to Harper Lee’s Atticus Finch.
“We are not just telling a black story,” Winters says. “Slavery is a story about white America; it’s about the role that people who looked like me played — and still play — in oppressing people who look different. The effects of and resistance to that oppression and the lasting legacy are a foundation of who we are as a people.”
Although these works were conceived before President Trump’s election, the current climate may influence audience perception. “I reread my own book in November, and it read differently,” says Conway, who wrote about a white woman dipping her toe in the water of activism. “It’s about how people change and how she went from being a bystander to a participant.”
“They will resonate differently,” says musician Legend, who not only served as music curator and executive producer on “Underground” but also plays Frederick Douglass this season. “We have a president who doesn’t know anything about American history or black history, and people are starting to realize how important it is to understand our history so we can fight back.”