Elizabeth I translated a manuscript about the Roman Empire
Queen Elizabeth I has been unmasked as the translator of a late 16th century manuscript detailing the history of the Roman Empire. The manuscript is preserved in the Lambeth Palace library at the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. It is a Latin-to-English translation of Annales - a history by Tacitus of the Roman Empire from the reign of Tiberius to Nero, AD 14-68.
Now historians have analysed the translation's style and distinctive handwriting, and concluded that it was written by the 'virgin queen' herself Researchers found persuasive similarities between unique handwriting styles found in the Lambeth manuscript and numerous examples of the Queen's distinctive handwriting. Ruled out lines where the queen appears to have hastily corrected herself while reading through her work can be seen in the text.
In other translations, her extreme horizontal 'm', the top stroke of her 'e' and the break of the stem in 'd' have made her handwriting easily identifiable. Historians were also able to identify the paper used for the Tacitus translation - which they claim reveals a court context. In addition, the paper had watermarks featuring a rampant lion alongside the initials 'G.B.', with crossbow countermark, which those studying the record say were particularly popular with the Elizabethan secretariat in the 1590s. These watermarks can also be found on
Elizabeth I's other translation documents and in her own personal correspondence letters. Elizabeth I used paper with the same watermarks in her translation of Boethius, and in personal correspondence.The tone and style of the translation also matches her earlier known works.
Elizabeth I's translation focuses on the first book of the Annales, which sees the death of Augustus and the rise of the emperor Tiberius, based on original works by Roman historian and senator Tacitus. The Lambeth manuscript retains the density of Tacitus's prose and brevity, and strictly follows the contours of the Latin syntax at the risk of obscuring the sense in English.
This style is matched by other translations by Elizabeth, which the historians compared to other translations of Tacitus. The research team, whose findings were published in the Review of English Studies, traces the manuscript's transmission from the Elizabethan Court to the Lambeth Palace Library, via the collection of Archbishop Thomas Tenison in the 17th Century. Thanks to his interest in the Elizabethan court and in Francis Bacon, Tenison made the library at Lambeth one of the largest collections of state papers from the Elizabethan era.
Researchers from the University of East Anglia say the discovery could have important implications on our understanding of the political and cultural nature of the Elizabethan court. Lead author John-Mark Philo, a research fellow said: 'The corrections made to the translation are a match for Elizabeth's late hand, which was, to put it mildly, idiosyncratic.
'The higher you are in the social hierarchy of Tudor England, the messier you can let your handwriting become. For the queen, comprehension is somebody else's problem.'
'We already knew she's great with languages - Latin, French, Italian. She's familiar with Spanish and Greek - she actually starts using some of the Greek alphabet in her own handwriting.'