Managing technology
before or after the lecture is presented. If copies were distributed ahead, students would scribble their own notes on these copies during the lecture. When the chalk and blackboard were the ubiquitous pair for teaching, we may not have noticed that students frenziedly took down notes on thick notebooks or on pads of lined paper, books borrowed for a day or a week from the library by their side. Later, Xerox introduced the photocopier; it was much easier for both students and teachers to have copies made of needed reference material. Students would photocopy parts of books for their in-class reading and for their assignments. Later came new models of photocopiers with colored ink, producing duplicates that matched the original. With mimeographing and photocopying services easily available, students wrote less notes; notebooks became thinner, replaced of the mimeographed or photocopied material collected every class session.
The overhead projector. Time was that in provincial universities, the omnipresent chalk and blackboard duo was slowly replaced by the overhead projector. Widely used in classrooms in the 1980s,the overhead projector provided teachers with “a more convenient alternative to the blackboard.” Notes or the lecture outline on the transparencies were needed during the lecture, the professor could write important terms or
notations using a Pentel pen on the reusable transparency. <http://www. ourict.co.uk/technology-educationhistory/> (As an aside, Yukio Horie, company president of Pentel until his felt-tipped pen in the 1960s more known in Singapore and Malaysia as marker pens.)< https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Marker_pen> Like rows of soldiers, graduate students sat before the projector or in circular groups, as the professor explained his/her scripts on the transparencies. -
eotapes and recorder. When these gadgets were availed of in classroom instruction, lectures were tape- recorded. There were also visual-related sessions – filmviewing, individual usually available in the graduate school library. Students who could afford them would bring their own tape recorders. I heard once that a professor absent from his class had the class listen to his taped lecture instead. Visiting the class, the academic dean saw a tape recorder on the professor’s table and a tape recorder on each chair.
Obviously, evolving hard technol techniques, processes, etc. that impact on teaching and learning.